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The content on x4oxygen.com/knowledge is provided for informational and educational purposes only. It does not constitute medical, therapeutic, or advisory services and is in no way a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment by qualified physicians, therapists, or other authorized healthcare professionals.
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Studies

2025 Study: HBOT Effects on Non-Motor Parkinson's Symptoms

Meta-analysis (2025): studies on HBOT for non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease were analysed (16 studies, n=1,324); the authors see a need for further research.

1

min reading time

Studies

A review by the University of Zielona Góra, Poland, summarises the state of research on medical hyperbaric oxygen therapy (2020–2025).

The authors assess medical HBOT in established indications (e.g., radiation injury, chronic wounds) and see a need for further research in new fields of application.

10

min reading time

Studies

HBOT in Post-COVID and ME/CFS: Prospective Observational Study at Charité (NCT06118138)

Charité cohort (n=60): The course of ME/CFS after COVID under HBOT (2 ATA, 90 min) is being prospectively recorded. Primary endpoint: SF-36 PF ≥ +10 points at 4 weeks after completion of HBOT

10

min reading time

0

Studies

HIIT in Cancer: Better Fitness & Function Compared to Conventional Endurance Training?

HIIT improves function and VO₂ in cancer patients; compared to MICT, a benefit for VO₂ is observed (SMD 0.37; p=0.009). Training effects increase with total volume.

T. Neuendorf; R. Haase; S. Schroeder; M. Schumann; N. Nitzsche

10

min reading time

2023

Studies

HBOT and erectile dysfunction: prospective study (2018)

In a prospective study with HBOT (40 sessions, 2 ATA), higher IIEF scores and increased penile perfusion (K-trans +153 %) were observed. The results suggest angiogenesis as a possible underlying mechanism.

Hadanny A; Lang E; Copel L; Meir O; Bechor Y; Fishlev G; Bergan J; Friedman M; Zisman A; Efrati S.

10

min reading time

2018

Studies

Research on HBOT and cognitive function after COVID: commentary

Commentary: hypoxaemia is discussed as a possible factor in cognitive impairment after COVID. HBOT could influence tissue oxygenation and neuroplasticity; a case report and a small randomised study reported changes in cognition and MRI findings.

Chia Siang Kow; Dinesh S. Ramachandram; Syed S. Hasan

10

min reading time

2022

Studies

Hyperbaric oxygen therapy and long COVID: current state of research

Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) is being investigated in studies in connection with long COVID.

Tim Robbins, Michael Gonevski, Cain Clark, Sudhanshu Baitule, Kavi Sharma, Angel Magar, Kiran Patel, Sailesh Sankar, Ioannis Kyrou, Asad Ali, Harpal S. Randeva.

10

min reading time

2021

Studies

Study on HBOT, neurocognitive function and symptoms in post-COVID

In a randomised study with HBOT (40 sessions, 2 ATA, 90 min), changes in cognition, energy, sleep, psychological symptoms and pain were observed in long COVID. Changes in brain perfusion and microstructure were also reported.

Zilberman-Itskovich S, Catalogna M, Sasson E, Elman-Shina K, Hadanny A, Lang E, Finci S, Polak N, Fishlev G, Korin C, Shorer R, Parag Y, Sova M, Efrati S

1

min reading time

Studies

Pilot study examined HBOT, cerebral blood flow and cognitive scores; preclinical study examined amyloid burden in an Alzheimer's mouse model

A pilot study examined changes in cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cognitive scores in older patients (n=6) after 60 sessions (2 ATA, 90 min). Preclinical studies reported increased CBF, reduced hypoxia and less amyloid in AD mice.

Ronit Shapira; Amos Gdalyahu; Irit Gottfried; Efrat Sasson; Amir Hadanny; Shai Efrati; Pablo Blinder; Uri Ashery.

1

min reading time

Studies

Study: HBOT, telomere length and immunosenescence in blood cells (2020)

The study investigates the effects of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) on telomere length and immune response in isolated blood cells.

Hachmo Y; Hadanny A; Abu Hamed R; Daniel-Kotovsky M; Catalogna M; Fishlev G; Lang E; Polak N; Doenyas K; Friedman M; Zemel Y; Bechor Y; Efrati S

10

min reading time

2020

Studies

Study examines telomere length and immune senescence under HBOT

In a prospective study with HBOT (60 sessions, 2 ATA), telomere length increases of over 20% in T, B and NK cells and a reduction in senescent T cells (CD4⁺CD28⁻ −37%) were observed. The authors discuss this in connection with immunological aging processes.

Hachmo Y; Hadanny A; Abu Hamed R; Daniel-Kotovsky M; Catalogna M; Fishlev G; Lang E; Polak N; Doenyas K; Friedman M; Zemel Y; Bechor Y; Efrati S.

5

min reading time

2020

Studies

HBOT in Long COVID (HOT-LoCO): Interim Safety Analysis of a Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial

RCT interim analysis (n=20): No SAEs, 31 AEs/60% (mostly mild, cough/chest discomfort). DSMB assessed HBOT safety as favorable; baseline values in Long COVID markedly reduced.

Anders Kjellberg; Adrian Hassler; Emil Boström; Sara El Gharbi; Sarah Al-Ezerjawi; Jan Kowalski; Kenny A. Rodriguez-Wallberg; Judith Bruchfeld; Marcus Ståhlberg; Malin Nygren-Bonnier; Michael Runold; Peter Lindholm.

10

min reading time

2023

Studies

HBOT: From Mechanisms to Cognitive Enhancement (Review)

Review: Intermittent HBOT is associated with activation of SIRT1/Nrf2/HIF-1α and changes in CBF, metabolism and microstructure. Studies report cognitive changes in stroke, TBI, MCI/AD and healthy individuals.

Irit Gottfried; Nofar Schottlender; Uri Ashery.

1

min reading time

Studies

HBOT, Mitochondria & Oxidative Stress: What Does the Evidence Say?

A review describes changes in mitochondrial function and oxidative stress under intermittent HBOT: short-term ROS↑, long-term activation of antioxidant systems via Nrf2/SIRT1/HIF-1α and ROS↓.

Nofar Schottlender; Irit Gottfried; Uri Ashery

10

min reading time

2021

Studies

HBOT and Skin Aging: More Collagen, Longer Elastin Fibers, Less Senescence

This 2021 study examined whether hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT, 2 ATA) is associated with changes in collagen, blood vessel formation (angiogenesis) and cellular senescence in the skin.

Yafit Hachmo; Amir Hadanny; Sonia Mendelovic; Pnina Hillman; Eyal Shapira; Geva Landau; Hadar Gattegno; Avi Zrachya; Malka Daniel-Kotovsky; Merav Catalogna; Gregory Fishlev; Erez Lang; Nir Polak; Keren Doenyas; Mony Friedman; Yonatan Zemel; Yair Bechor; Shai Efrati

20

min reading time

2021

Studies

Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBOT) Alters Gene Expression in Seniors: Prospective Study

HBOT (60 sessions) markedly alters the blood transcriptome in seniors (1,912 genes). After 2 weeks, 19 genes remain affected, including ABCA13. Short-term dominant, partially lasting effect.

Amir Hadanny; Relly Forer; Dina Volodarsky; Malka Daniel-Kotovsky; Merav Catalogna; Yonatan Zemel; Yair Bechor; Shai Efrati

20

min reading time

Studies

Study examines telomere length and immune senescence under HBOT

In a study with HBOT (60 sessions), telomere length increases of over 20% in T, B and NK cells and a reduction in senescent T cells (−37% CD4⁺) were observed. The results are discussed in connection with immunological aging processes.

Yafit Hachmo; Amir Hadanny; Ramzia Abu Hamed; Malka Daniel-Kotovsky; Merav Catalogna; Gregory Fishlev; Erez Lang; Nir Polak; Keren Doenyas; Mony Friedman; Yonatan Zemel; Yair Bechor; Shai Efrati

1

min reading time

Studies

2025 Study: HBOT Effects on Non-Motor Parkinson's Symptoms

Meta-analysis (2025): studies on HBOT for non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease were analysed (16 studies, n=1,324); the authors see a need for further research.

1

min reading time

Studies

A review by the University of Zielona Góra, Poland, summarises the state of research on medical hyperbaric oxygen therapy (2020–2025).

The authors assess medical HBOT in established indications (e.g., radiation injury, chronic wounds) and see a need for further research in new fields of application.

10

min reading time

Studies

HBOT in Post-COVID and ME/CFS: Prospective Observational Study at Charité (NCT06118138)

Charité cohort (n=60): The course of ME/CFS after COVID under HBOT (2 ATA, 90 min) is being prospectively recorded. Primary endpoint: SF-36 PF ≥ +10 points at 4 weeks after completion of HBOT

10

min reading time

0

Studies

HIIT in Cancer: Better Fitness & Function Compared to Conventional Endurance Training?

HIIT improves function and VO₂ in cancer patients; compared to MICT, a benefit for VO₂ is observed (SMD 0.37; p=0.009). Training effects increase with total volume.

T. Neuendorf; R. Haase; S. Schroeder; M. Schumann; N. Nitzsche

10

min reading time

2023

Studies

HBOT and erectile dysfunction: prospective study (2018)

In a prospective study with HBOT (40 sessions, 2 ATA), higher IIEF scores and increased penile perfusion (K-trans +153 %) were observed. The results suggest angiogenesis as a possible underlying mechanism.

Hadanny A; Lang E; Copel L; Meir O; Bechor Y; Fishlev G; Bergan J; Friedman M; Zisman A; Efrati S.

10

min reading time

2018

Studies

Research on HBOT and cognitive function after COVID: commentary

Commentary: hypoxaemia is discussed as a possible factor in cognitive impairment after COVID. HBOT could influence tissue oxygenation and neuroplasticity; a case report and a small randomised study reported changes in cognition and MRI findings.

Chia Siang Kow; Dinesh S. Ramachandram; Syed S. Hasan

10

min reading time

2022

Studies

Hyperbaric oxygen therapy and long COVID: current state of research

Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) is being investigated in studies in connection with long COVID.

Tim Robbins, Michael Gonevski, Cain Clark, Sudhanshu Baitule, Kavi Sharma, Angel Magar, Kiran Patel, Sailesh Sankar, Ioannis Kyrou, Asad Ali, Harpal S. Randeva.

10

min reading time

2021

Studies

Study on HBOT, neurocognitive function and symptoms in post-COVID

In a randomised study with HBOT (40 sessions, 2 ATA, 90 min), changes in cognition, energy, sleep, psychological symptoms and pain were observed in long COVID. Changes in brain perfusion and microstructure were also reported.

Zilberman-Itskovich S, Catalogna M, Sasson E, Elman-Shina K, Hadanny A, Lang E, Finci S, Polak N, Fishlev G, Korin C, Shorer R, Parag Y, Sova M, Efrati S

1

min reading time

Studies

Pilot study examined HBOT, cerebral blood flow and cognitive scores; preclinical study examined amyloid burden in an Alzheimer's mouse model

A pilot study examined changes in cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cognitive scores in older patients (n=6) after 60 sessions (2 ATA, 90 min). Preclinical studies reported increased CBF, reduced hypoxia and less amyloid in AD mice.

Ronit Shapira; Amos Gdalyahu; Irit Gottfried; Efrat Sasson; Amir Hadanny; Shai Efrati; Pablo Blinder; Uri Ashery.

1

min reading time

Studies

Study: HBOT, telomere length and immunosenescence in blood cells (2020)

The study investigates the effects of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) on telomere length and immune response in isolated blood cells.

Hachmo Y; Hadanny A; Abu Hamed R; Daniel-Kotovsky M; Catalogna M; Fishlev G; Lang E; Polak N; Doenyas K; Friedman M; Zemel Y; Bechor Y; Efrati S

10

min reading time

2020

Studies

Study examines telomere length and immune senescence under HBOT

In a prospective study with HBOT (60 sessions, 2 ATA), telomere length increases of over 20% in T, B and NK cells and a reduction in senescent T cells (CD4⁺CD28⁻ −37%) were observed. The authors discuss this in connection with immunological aging processes.

Hachmo Y; Hadanny A; Abu Hamed R; Daniel-Kotovsky M; Catalogna M; Fishlev G; Lang E; Polak N; Doenyas K; Friedman M; Zemel Y; Bechor Y; Efrati S.

5

min reading time

2020

Studies

HBOT in Long COVID (HOT-LoCO): Interim Safety Analysis of a Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial

RCT interim analysis (n=20): No SAEs, 31 AEs/60% (mostly mild, cough/chest discomfort). DSMB assessed HBOT safety as favorable; baseline values in Long COVID markedly reduced.

Anders Kjellberg; Adrian Hassler; Emil Boström; Sara El Gharbi; Sarah Al-Ezerjawi; Jan Kowalski; Kenny A. Rodriguez-Wallberg; Judith Bruchfeld; Marcus Ståhlberg; Malin Nygren-Bonnier; Michael Runold; Peter Lindholm.

10

min reading time

2023

Studies

HBOT: From Mechanisms to Cognitive Enhancement (Review)

Review: Intermittent HBOT is associated with activation of SIRT1/Nrf2/HIF-1α and changes in CBF, metabolism and microstructure. Studies report cognitive changes in stroke, TBI, MCI/AD and healthy individuals.

Irit Gottfried; Nofar Schottlender; Uri Ashery.

1

min reading time

Studies

HBOT, Mitochondria & Oxidative Stress: What Does the Evidence Say?

A review describes changes in mitochondrial function and oxidative stress under intermittent HBOT: short-term ROS↑, long-term activation of antioxidant systems via Nrf2/SIRT1/HIF-1α and ROS↓.

Nofar Schottlender; Irit Gottfried; Uri Ashery

10

min reading time

2021

Studies

HBOT and Skin Aging: More Collagen, Longer Elastin Fibers, Less Senescence

This 2021 study examined whether hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT, 2 ATA) is associated with changes in collagen, blood vessel formation (angiogenesis) and cellular senescence in the skin.

Yafit Hachmo; Amir Hadanny; Sonia Mendelovic; Pnina Hillman; Eyal Shapira; Geva Landau; Hadar Gattegno; Avi Zrachya; Malka Daniel-Kotovsky; Merav Catalogna; Gregory Fishlev; Erez Lang; Nir Polak; Keren Doenyas; Mony Friedman; Yonatan Zemel; Yair Bechor; Shai Efrati

20

min reading time

2021

Studies

Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBOT) Alters Gene Expression in Seniors: Prospective Study

HBOT (60 sessions) markedly alters the blood transcriptome in seniors (1,912 genes). After 2 weeks, 19 genes remain affected, including ABCA13. Short-term dominant, partially lasting effect.

Amir Hadanny; Relly Forer; Dina Volodarsky; Malka Daniel-Kotovsky; Merav Catalogna; Yonatan Zemel; Yair Bechor; Shai Efrati

20

min reading time

Studies

Study examines telomere length and immune senescence under HBOT

In a study with HBOT (60 sessions), telomere length increases of over 20% in T, B and NK cells and a reduction in senescent T cells (−37% CD4⁺) were observed. The results are discussed in connection with immunological aging processes.

Yafit Hachmo; Amir Hadanny; Ramzia Abu Hamed; Malka Daniel-Kotovsky; Merav Catalogna; Gregory Fishlev; Erez Lang; Nir Polak; Keren Doenyas; Mony Friedman; Yonatan Zemel; Yair Bechor; Shai Efrati

1

min reading time

Studies

2025 Study: HBOT Effects on Non-Motor Parkinson's Symptoms

Meta-analysis (2025): studies on HBOT for non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease were analysed (16 studies, n=1,324); the authors see a need for further research.

1

min reading time

Studies

A review by the University of Zielona Góra, Poland, summarises the state of research on medical hyperbaric oxygen therapy (2020–2025).

The authors assess medical HBOT in established indications (e.g., radiation injury, chronic wounds) and see a need for further research in new fields of application.

10

min reading time

Studies

HBOT in Post-COVID and ME/CFS: Prospective Observational Study at Charité (NCT06118138)

Charité cohort (n=60): The course of ME/CFS after COVID under HBOT (2 ATA, 90 min) is being prospectively recorded. Primary endpoint: SF-36 PF ≥ +10 points at 4 weeks after completion of HBOT

10

min reading time

0

Studies

HIIT in Cancer: Better Fitness & Function Compared to Conventional Endurance Training?

HIIT improves function and VO₂ in cancer patients; compared to MICT, a benefit for VO₂ is observed (SMD 0.37; p=0.009). Training effects increase with total volume.

T. Neuendorf; R. Haase; S. Schroeder; M. Schumann; N. Nitzsche

10

min reading time

2023

Studies

HBOT and erectile dysfunction: prospective study (2018)

In a prospective study with HBOT (40 sessions, 2 ATA), higher IIEF scores and increased penile perfusion (K-trans +153 %) were observed. The results suggest angiogenesis as a possible underlying mechanism.

Hadanny A; Lang E; Copel L; Meir O; Bechor Y; Fishlev G; Bergan J; Friedman M; Zisman A; Efrati S.

10

min reading time

2018

Studies

Research on HBOT and cognitive function after COVID: commentary

Commentary: hypoxaemia is discussed as a possible factor in cognitive impairment after COVID. HBOT could influence tissue oxygenation and neuroplasticity; a case report and a small randomised study reported changes in cognition and MRI findings.

Chia Siang Kow; Dinesh S. Ramachandram; Syed S. Hasan

10

min reading time

2022

Studies

Hyperbaric oxygen therapy and long COVID: current state of research

Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) is being investigated in studies in connection with long COVID.

Tim Robbins, Michael Gonevski, Cain Clark, Sudhanshu Baitule, Kavi Sharma, Angel Magar, Kiran Patel, Sailesh Sankar, Ioannis Kyrou, Asad Ali, Harpal S. Randeva.

10

min reading time

2021

Studies

Study on HBOT, neurocognitive function and symptoms in post-COVID

In a randomised study with HBOT (40 sessions, 2 ATA, 90 min), changes in cognition, energy, sleep, psychological symptoms and pain were observed in long COVID. Changes in brain perfusion and microstructure were also reported.

Zilberman-Itskovich S, Catalogna M, Sasson E, Elman-Shina K, Hadanny A, Lang E, Finci S, Polak N, Fishlev G, Korin C, Shorer R, Parag Y, Sova M, Efrati S

1

min reading time

Studies

Pilot study examined HBOT, cerebral blood flow and cognitive scores; preclinical study examined amyloid burden in an Alzheimer's mouse model

A pilot study examined changes in cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cognitive scores in older patients (n=6) after 60 sessions (2 ATA, 90 min). Preclinical studies reported increased CBF, reduced hypoxia and less amyloid in AD mice.

Ronit Shapira; Amos Gdalyahu; Irit Gottfried; Efrat Sasson; Amir Hadanny; Shai Efrati; Pablo Blinder; Uri Ashery.

1

min reading time

Studies

Study: HBOT, telomere length and immunosenescence in blood cells (2020)

The study investigates the effects of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) on telomere length and immune response in isolated blood cells.

Hachmo Y; Hadanny A; Abu Hamed R; Daniel-Kotovsky M; Catalogna M; Fishlev G; Lang E; Polak N; Doenyas K; Friedman M; Zemel Y; Bechor Y; Efrati S

10

min reading time

2020

Studies

Study examines telomere length and immune senescence under HBOT

In a prospective study with HBOT (60 sessions, 2 ATA), telomere length increases of over 20% in T, B and NK cells and a reduction in senescent T cells (CD4⁺CD28⁻ −37%) were observed. The authors discuss this in connection with immunological aging processes.

Hachmo Y; Hadanny A; Abu Hamed R; Daniel-Kotovsky M; Catalogna M; Fishlev G; Lang E; Polak N; Doenyas K; Friedman M; Zemel Y; Bechor Y; Efrati S.

5

min reading time

2020

Studies

HBOT in Long COVID (HOT-LoCO): Interim Safety Analysis of a Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial

RCT interim analysis (n=20): No SAEs, 31 AEs/60% (mostly mild, cough/chest discomfort). DSMB assessed HBOT safety as favorable; baseline values in Long COVID markedly reduced.

Anders Kjellberg; Adrian Hassler; Emil Boström; Sara El Gharbi; Sarah Al-Ezerjawi; Jan Kowalski; Kenny A. Rodriguez-Wallberg; Judith Bruchfeld; Marcus Ståhlberg; Malin Nygren-Bonnier; Michael Runold; Peter Lindholm.

10

min reading time

2023

Studies

HBOT: From Mechanisms to Cognitive Enhancement (Review)

Review: Intermittent HBOT is associated with activation of SIRT1/Nrf2/HIF-1α and changes in CBF, metabolism and microstructure. Studies report cognitive changes in stroke, TBI, MCI/AD and healthy individuals.

Irit Gottfried; Nofar Schottlender; Uri Ashery.

1

min reading time

Studies

HBOT, Mitochondria & Oxidative Stress: What Does the Evidence Say?

A review describes changes in mitochondrial function and oxidative stress under intermittent HBOT: short-term ROS↑, long-term activation of antioxidant systems via Nrf2/SIRT1/HIF-1α and ROS↓.

Nofar Schottlender; Irit Gottfried; Uri Ashery

10

min reading time

2021

Studies

HBOT and Skin Aging: More Collagen, Longer Elastin Fibers, Less Senescence

This 2021 study examined whether hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT, 2 ATA) is associated with changes in collagen, blood vessel formation (angiogenesis) and cellular senescence in the skin.

Yafit Hachmo; Amir Hadanny; Sonia Mendelovic; Pnina Hillman; Eyal Shapira; Geva Landau; Hadar Gattegno; Avi Zrachya; Malka Daniel-Kotovsky; Merav Catalogna; Gregory Fishlev; Erez Lang; Nir Polak; Keren Doenyas; Mony Friedman; Yonatan Zemel; Yair Bechor; Shai Efrati

20

min reading time

2021

Studies

Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBOT) Alters Gene Expression in Seniors: Prospective Study

HBOT (60 sessions) markedly alters the blood transcriptome in seniors (1,912 genes). After 2 weeks, 19 genes remain affected, including ABCA13. Short-term dominant, partially lasting effect.

Amir Hadanny; Relly Forer; Dina Volodarsky; Malka Daniel-Kotovsky; Merav Catalogna; Yonatan Zemel; Yair Bechor; Shai Efrati

20

min reading time

Studies

Study examines telomere length and immune senescence under HBOT

In a study with HBOT (60 sessions), telomere length increases of over 20% in T, B and NK cells and a reduction in senescent T cells (−37% CD4⁺) were observed. The results are discussed in connection with immunological aging processes.

Yafit Hachmo; Amir Hadanny; Ramzia Abu Hamed; Malka Daniel-Kotovsky; Merav Catalogna; Gregory Fishlev; Erez Lang; Nir Polak; Keren Doenyas; Mony Friedman; Yonatan Zemel; Yair Bechor; Shai Efrati

1

min reading time

X4 Innovation AG © 2026 All Rights reserved

X4 Innovation AG © 2026 All Rights reserved

Legal Disclaimer: The effects described on this website are based on wellness observations and have not been evaluated by medical authorities. Our products are not medical devices and are not intended to diagnose, treat, or cure any disease. They do not replace professional medical advice. Always consult a physician before use, especially if you are pregnant, have a heart condition, or use a pacemaker. Use is at your own risk. No healing promises are made.

Legal Disclaimer:

The effects described on this website are based on wellness observations and have not been evaluated by medical authorities. Our products are not medical devices and are not intended to diagnose, treat, or cure any disease. They do not replace professional medical advice. Always consult a physician before use, especially if you are pregnant, have a heart condition, or use a pacemaker. Use is at your own risk. No healing promises are made.

Legal Disclaimer:

The effects described on this website are based on wellness observations and have not been evaluated by medical authorities. Our products are not medical devices and are not intended to diagnose, treat, or cure any disease. They do not replace professional medical advice. Always consult a physician before use, especially if you are pregnant, have a heart condition, or use a pacemaker. Use is at your own risk. No healing promises are made.